Sam,+Katie+C.,+Melissa

The French Revolution began due to many problems within the country:

__Social Structure of France where the nobility and the church clergy had all the power and money but didn’t have to pay any taxes__

 1. Social Structure A. 1st Estate(Class): /made up of Church Clergy-.5% of population;paid no taxes; owned 10% of land B. 2nd Estate: Made up of Nobility-1.3% of population;paid no taxes; owned 25% of land C. 3rd Estate: Made up of everyone else (98% of population);

= merchants, artisans, city dwellers =

bourgeoisie(8% of population) (25% of land) and peasants(90% of population)(40% of land);
3rd resented that 1st & 2nd estates had no taxes, while the 3rd had to pay land tax to King, feudal dues to nobles, and 10% of income to church (tithing).

 --Financial Crisis (Helped in American War, lost another war)

 --Population increase, food shortage.

 --The drive for equality threatened the aristocratic way of life.

 --Old Regime (old social structure) was being challenged by enlightened thinkers.

 --King Louis XVI, at only 20, took over as King and was an ill-prepared leader who was the worst for the job.

 --Queen Marie Antoinette spent and showed off her wealth during a time of economic peril (Kosh Karen).

Actions:  --Estates General asked the King to tax the upper class; he felt threatened by the 3rd estate (lowest class)

 --Estates General made Tennis Court Oath where they promised they’d keep meeting until their demand was met which was a new constitution, a change of Govt; renamed themselves National Assembly

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --King felt threatened by radicalism of 3rd estate and put his military together

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --Bastille Day=July 14th, 1789; National Assembly stormed the Bastille where gunpowder is kept; it was also a prison and a den for torture and despotism--> A symbol of Repression that the National Assembly wanted to take down to take away the Repression=This day began the French Revolution <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--The Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre, a lawyer for the lower class and a revolutionary, from 1793-1794, led to the deaths of over 18,000 people via guillotine; Charles Dickens’ wrote about this day in a Tale of Two Cities, and his image of innocent people being carried to the guillotine to have their heads chopped off is the most common image relating to the french revolution. He wasn’t even alive during the Revolution (Kosh Karen).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial Black; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Outcomes of the French Revolution: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --King Louis XVI is beheaded and so is his wife, Marie Antoinette

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --Declaration’s of The Right of Man was created= class estates are to be abolished, each man is equal, sovereignty belongs to the people, demanded a constitutional monarchy and fairness, increased freedom for the press

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --As of 1791, France is a Constitutional Monarchy

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --Revolutionary Council frees slaves and their motto is “liberty, equality, fraternity”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --No more Monarchy! After King Louis XVI and MArie Antoinette are beheaded, there is no more Kings. France eventually becomes a Democratic Republic with a Govt (Karen Kosh 2).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial Black; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Other Facts: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --The war Lasted from 1789 for around 10 years(Woman, A).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --The French were influenced by the American Revolution, but they were more violent (beheadings, riots, Reign Of Terror, Bastille Day, etc.)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Works Cited:**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Woman, A. "French Revolution - Information, Facts, and Links." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//ENotes - Literature Study Guides, Lesson Plans, and More.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.enotes.com/topics/french-revolution>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kosch, Karen “Topic 6 The Causes and Outcomes of the French Revolution” Pascack Valley High School <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Hillsdale, New Jersey, 11 Jan. 2011

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial Black; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Charles Dickens: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Life:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Born on February 7, 1812

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - His father, John Dickens worked in a Navy Pay Office

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - IN 1824, he was imprisoned for debt

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - His family, except for Charles, who was sent to work at Warren’s Blackening Factory, joined him in prison

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - By the time his father was released, Charles was emotionally scarred for life and was further wounded by his mother, who insisted that he continue to work in the factory.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -His father rescued him from the factory, but the memories haunted him all his life.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -By 1832 he had become a very successful shorthand reporter of Parliamentary debates in the House of Commons, and began work as a reporter for a newspaper.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - IN 1834, he adopted the psedunonym “Boz.”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - IN 1836, his first series “Sketches by Boz” was published

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Later that year the “Pickwick papers” was published

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -He married Catherine on April 2, 1836, his friend’s daughter. They had 10 children together.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -He became a shorthand reporter for Doctor’s Commons, after he learned to write shorthand, he started to write for newspapers, and read Shakespeare.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - He was said to be a spokesperson for the poor, and have-nots.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -He went deep into the details of the social classes in his short stories and novels.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -IN 1844-45 he lived in Italy, Switzerland, and Paris and these places became the setting for many of his stories.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - On June 9, 1865, on his way back from Paris with his second wife and her mother when his train crashed. He survived with minor injuries, but never recovered. Days later, in a letter to a friend, he wrote, “I should have written to you yesterday or the day before, if I had been quite up to writing. I am a little shaken, not by the beating and dragging of the carriage in which I was, but by the hard work afterwards in getting out the dying and dead, which was most horrible” (“Charles Dickens Survives...”).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -On June 14, 1870, after a full day of working on “Edward Drood”, Dickens suffered another stroke and died at 58.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial Black; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Literary: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He wrote the books: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> OLIVER TWIST (1837-39), which depicts a homeless boy on the streets of the London underworld.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> NICHOLAS NICKELBY (1838-39), a tale of young Nickleby's struggles to seek his fortune.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> OLD CURIOSITY SHOP (1840-41).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Among his later works are:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> DAVID COPPERFIELD (1849-50), where Dickens used his own personal experiences of work in a factory to illustrate the horrors of working in factories.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> BLEAK HOUSE (1852-53).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> A TALE OF TWO CITIES (1859), set in the years of the French Revolution, where the injustice and violence of the Revolution and Monarchy is illustrated.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> GREAT EXPECTATIONS (1860-61), the story of Pip (Philip Pirrip).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> A CHRISTMAS CAROL, told the story of Christmas in several point of views. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The unfinished mystery novel;

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD was published in 1870 after his death. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - When Charles Dickens was in prision he used the same prision as a setting for one of his books, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__The Little Dorrit__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -In <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Life of Our Lord// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, written for his children and not published until 1934, Dickens summarized his faith as "to do good always." He believed humanity, created in the image of the divine, retained a seed of good. <span style="font-family: tahoma,verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">



__Oliver Tiwst__

, one of Dickens's early novels was written between 1837 and 1839. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Works Cited:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Charles Dickens." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Www.kirjasto.sci.fi// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. <http://kirjasto.sci.fi/dickens.htm>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Charles Dickens - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and Quotes. Essays & Summaries// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. <http://www.online-literature.com/dickens/>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Charles Dickens Survives a Train Crash, 1865." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Mytimemachine Eyewitness History Home Page// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/dickens.htm>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Dickens: A Brief Biography." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Victorianweb.org// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/dickensbio1.html>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Dickens Fast Facts." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. <http://charlesdickenspage.com/fast-facts.html>.